GRAMMAR SUMMARY

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

TO BE PRESENT SIMPLE

TO BE PAST SIMPLE

PRESENT SIMPLE REGULAR VERBS

OBJECT PRONOUNS
IMPERATIVE

MUST

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
QUESTION WORDS: HOW OFTEN? WHAT TIME?
HAVE GOT
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO/THAT
WAS/WERE BORN
PAST SIMPLE REGULAR VERBS
PAST SIMPLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
PAST CONTINUOUS
CONNECTORS
FUTURE GOING TO
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

 

 

 

 

 

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

 

I (yo) We (nosotros,as)
You (tú, usted) You (vosotros, vosotras)
He (él) They (ellos,as)
She (ella)  
it (ello)  
  • I siempre se escribe con mayúscula, nunca con minúscula.
  • Un verbo siempre se usa con un sujeto o pronombre. No podemos decir am English. Ejemplo: I am English.
  • La tercera persona del singular varía según el sexo de la persona. He (masculino) She (femenino) It (para animales o cosas). En plural sólo existe la forma They para los tres grupos.

 

 

 

TO BE: PRESENT SIMPLE

 

Afirmativa Forma Contracta Traducción
I am I'm soy;estoy
You are You're eres;estás
He is He's es:está
She is She's es;está
It is It's es;está
We are We're somos;estamos
You are You're sois;estáis
They are They're son:están
Negativa Formas contractas Interrogativa
I am not I'm not Am I...?
You are not You're not/You aren't Are you...?
He is not He's not/He isn't Is he...?
She is not She's not/She isn't Is she...?
It is not It's not/It isn't Is it...?
We are not We're not/We aren't Are we...?
You are not You're not/You aren't Are you...?
They are not They're not/They aren't Are they...?
  • En la forma negativa, not se coloca siempre detrás del verbo. Ej: We are not English.
  • En la forma interrogativa colocamos el sujeto detrás del verbo. Sólo se pone el signo de interrogación al final de la pregunta.. Ej. Is Ronaldo a footballer?
  • Las formas contractas son muy frecuentes en el inglés hablado pero en las respuestas cortas nunca se contrae el verbo to be.

 

 

 

 

TO BE: PAST SIMPLE

 

Afirmativa Traducción
I was era;estaba;fui;estuve
You were eras;estabas;fuiste;estuviste
He(she/it was era;estaba;fue;estuvo
We were eramos,estábamos;fuimos;estuvimos
You were érais;estábais;fuísteis;estuvísteis
They were eran;estaba;fueron;estuvieron
Negativa Interrogativa
I was not (wasn't) Was I?
You were not (weren't) Were you?
He/she/it was not (wasn't) Was he/she/it?
We were not (weren't) Were we?
You were not (weren't) Were you?
They were not (weren't) Were they?
  • En las respuestas cortas sólo se utiliza el verbo to be. Ej.Were you at home on Saturday? No, I wasn't.

 

 

PRESENT SIMPLE REGULAR VERBS

Afirmativa Interrogativa
I like Do I like...?
You like Do you like....?
He/she/it likes Does he/she/it like...?
We like Do we like...?
You like Do you like...?
They like Do they like...?
Negativa Contracta
I do not like I don't like
You do not like You don't like
He/she/it does not like He/she/it doesn't like
We do not like We don't like
You do not like You don't like
They do not like They don't like
  • El presente simple se emplea para expresar acciones habituales o rutinarias. Ejemplos.- I study in the evening. She gets up early. We don't watch TV after lunch. He doesn't work.

 

 

 

OBJECT PRONOUNS

 

Subject pronouns OBJECT PRONOUNS
I me
You you
He him
She her
It it
We us
You you
They them
  • Los pronombres personales con función de objeto se utilizan para no repetir el sustantivo. Varían según el sexo y número. Ejemplos: Do you like Mandy? Yes, I like her. Do you work with Mike? Yes, I work with him. Do you like chocolates? Yes, I like them very much.

  • Los pronombres personales con función de objeto pueden ir acompañados de preposiciones.

 

 

IMPERATIVE

  • El imperativo se forma en inglés quitándole to al infinitivo. Este se refiere tanto a la segunda persona del singular como del plural. Ejemplos: write (escribe, escribid), listen (escucha, escuchad), complete (completa, completad)
  • El imperativo negativo se forma colocando don't delante del verbo. Ejemplos: don't cheat (no copies, no copiéis); don't talk (no hables, no habléis)

 

 

 

MUST

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I must do my homework You mustn't eat in class Must you study now?
  • El verbo modal must tiene la misma forma para todas las personas.
  • Siempre va seguido de un infinitivo sin to.
  • En las oraciones interrogativas invertimos el orden del sujero y el verbo must. En las respuestas cortas sólo e usa el verbo modal y no el principal. Ejemplo: Must you speak English in class? Yes, we must.
  • El verbo must se usa para expresar:
    • obligación en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Ejs: You must be polite.(Debes ser educado) When must we start?(¿Cuándo debemos empezar?)
    • prohibición en frases negativas. Ej: You mustn't cheat in exams.(No debes copiar en los exámenes)

 

 

 

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Afirmativa Contracta Interrogativa
I am cooking I'm cooking Am I cooking?
You are cooking You're cooking Are you cooking?
He/she/it is cooking He's/she's/it's cooking Is he/she/it cooking
We are cooking We're cooking Are we cooking?
You are cooking You're cooking Are you cooking?
They are cooking They're cooking Are they cooking?
Negativa Contracta
I am not cooking I'm not cooking
You are not cooking You aren't cooking
He/she/it is not cooking He/she/it isn't cooking
We are not cooking We aren't cooking
You are not cooking You aren't cooking
They are not cooking They aren't cooking
  • Se forma con el presente del verbo to be + el verbo acabado en -ing.
  • El presente continuo se utiliza para expresar acciones que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar. Ej: What are you doing? I'm watching TV.
  • Recuerda que el presente del verbo to be se puede contraer, pero nunca en respuestas cortas.      Ej. She's eating pizza Are they coming? Yes, they are.

 

 

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

  • Los principales adverbios de frecuencia son: always (siempre), usually (generamente), often (a menudo), sometimes (a veces), occasionally (de vez en cuando), never (nunca).

  • El adverbio never va siempre con el verbo en forma afirmativa. Ej. I never get up at seven.

  • El adverbio de frecuencia suele ir delante del verbo principal (por tanto detrás de los verbos auxiliares como do y modales como can y must. Ejemplos:I usually have breakfast at eight o`clock. You don't always get up early. They can never study at night. Do you always get up early?

  • El adverbio de frecuencia suele ir detrás del verbo to be.Ejemplo: I am always happy.

 

 

 

QUESTION WORDS:

HOW OFTEN? WHAT TIME?

  • Se suele responder a la pregunta How often? con un adverbio de frecuencia. Ejemplos: How often do you go to the theatre? Never. How often do you have breakfast? Always.
  • La expresión interrogativa What time? se utiliza tanto para "¿Qué hora...?" como para "¿A qué hora...?" Ejemplos: What time is it? What time do you get up?

 

 

 

 

HAVE GOT

Afirmativa

Contracta Interrogativa
I have got I've got Have I got...?
You have got You've got Have you got?
He/she/it has got He's/she's/it's got Has he/she/it got....?
We have got We've got Have we got¿
You have got You've got Have you got...?
They have got They've got Have they got...?
Negativa Contracta
I have not got I haven't got
You have not got You haven't got
He/she/it has not got He/she/it hasn't got
We have not got We haven't got
You have not got You haven't got
They have not got They haven't got
  • En inglés británico se emplea más have got que have con el significado de tener, poseer.
  • En las respuestas cortas nunca usamos got. Ejemplos: Have you got a car? Yes, I have. Has he got a bike? No, he hasn't.

 

 

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

my (mi, mis)
your (tu, tus)
his (su, sus [de él])
her (su, sus {de ella})
its (su, sus `[de ello])
our (nuestro-a, nuestros-as)
you (vuestro-a, vuestros-as)
their (su, sus [de ellos, de ellas])
  • Los adjetivos posesivos concuerdan siempre con el poseedor. Ejemplos: My house is big. Your brother is very tall. Our dog is dalmatian.
  • La tercera persona del singular hace una distinción entre masculino, femenino y neutro. Ejemplos: His mother is a pharmacist. This tree is very big but its leaves are very small.

 

 

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Adjetivos de una sílaba
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
small smaller the smallest
long longer the longest
Adjetivos de una sílaba acabados en -e
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
safe safer the safest
nice nicer the nicest
Adjetivos de 1 sílaba acabados en vocal corta + t, d, g, m, o n: duplicar la consonante final
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
big bigger the biggest
thin thinner the thinnest
Adjetivos de 2 sílabas que terminan en y, cambiar la y por i. Siguen las 2 sílabas
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
lazy lazier the laziest
easy easier the easiest
Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
Adjetivos irregulares
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
good better the best
bad worse the worst
  • El comparativo se utiliza para comparar dos cosas o personas. Nota: el segundo térmio de la comparación va siempre introducido por than. Ejemplos: Jane is more intelligent than Phil. Almería is smaller than Madrid.
  • El superlativo se utiliza para destacar una cosa o persona dentro de un grupo. Nota:empleamos el artículo the delante del adjetivo. Ejemplos: The Nile is the longest river in Africa. February is the shortest month of the year.

 

 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO/THAT

  • Who se emplea como sujeto de la oración y su referente es siempre una persona. También se puede usar la palabra that. Ejemplos: A butcher is someone who sells meat. A baker is someone who makes bread.

 

 

WAS/WERE BORN

  • En inglés expresamos el verbo 'nacer' en pasado con el pasado simple del verbo to be + born. Ejemplo: Shakespeare was born in 1564. They weren't born in Australia.
  • En las oraciones interrogativas la inversión se hace sólo con el verbo to be. Ejemplo: Where was Maradona born?

 

 

 

PAST SIMPLE OF REGULAR VERBS

  • El pasado simple afirmativo de los verbos regulares se forma añadiendo -ed al infinitivo. Todas las personas tienen la misma forma.
  • El pasado simple negativo e interrogativo utilizan el verbo en infinitivo acompañado de did o didn't.
Afirmativa Negativa Formas contractas Interrogativa
I watched I did not watch I didn't watch Did I watch?
You watched You did not watch You didn't watch Did you watch?
He watched He did not watch He didn't watch Did he watch?
We watched We did not watch We didn0t watch Did we watch?
You watched You did not watch You didn't watch Did you watch?
They watched They did not watch They didn't watch Did they watch?
  • En las respuestas cortas, sólo se repite el auxiliar did. Ejemplo.- Did you study last night? Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

 

 

 

PAST SIMPLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS

  • Los verbos irregulares son los que no forman su pasado simple añadiendo -ed. Ej. We went to the cinema yestereday.
  • Los verbos irregulares forman la negativa y la interrogativa como los verbos regulares, es decir, con el auxiliar did + el infinitivo. Ejemplos.- We didn't go to the cinema yesterday. Did you go to the cinema yesterday? Yes, we did / No, we didn't.  

 

PAST CONTINUOUS

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I was sleeping I wasn't sleeping Was I sleeping?
You were sleeping You weren't sleeping Were you sleeping?
He/she was sleeping He/she wasn't sleeping Was he/she sleeping?
We were sleeping We weren't sleeping Were we sleeping?
You were sleeping You weren't sleeping Were you sleeping?
They were sleeping They weren't sleeping Were they sleeping?
  • El pasado continuo se forma con el pasado simple del verbo to be + la forma en -ing del verbo principal.
  • El pasado continuo se utiliza para:

a) Expresar una actividad en progreso en un momento determinado del pasado. Ej. Yesterday at 3 o'clock I was having dinner.

b) Hacer una descripción o narración en el pasado. Ej.- Yesterday it was hot and the sun was shining.

c) Hablar de dos actividades que ocurren en el pasado al mismo tiempo. Ej. I was cooking while my friends were reading.

  • Una actividad en pasado continuo puede ser interrumpida por una acción más corta en pasado simple. Ej. I was riding my bike when I saw the accident.

 

 

CONNECTORS

 

  • Con el pasado continuo podemos utilizar varios conectores:

    because cuando expresamos una causa. Ej. I didn' talk because she was studying.

    while para expresar dos acciones simultáneas. Ej. I was sleeping while my brother was watching TV

    when para expresar una acción corta (geneeralmente en pasado simple) que interrumpe una actividad en progreso (en pasado continuo). Ej. We were walking when it bega to rain.

  • Los siguientes conectores se emplean para indicar una sucesión de hechos o acontecimientos. Generalmente el verbo va en pasado simple.

          first...          then...       next...               after that...  finally...       

          (primero....   luego...      a continuación... después...     finalmente...)